The mining industry is the economic sector that includes the exploration and mining operations. It relates to extraction of minerals, rare earth metals including, for example copper, iron or gold. Its activity is framed in most countries by a Mining Code (mine surveys). It is an important source of revenue (direct and indirect) of water pollution, air, soil and ecosystems by metals.
It operates fossil fuels or non-renewable human time scales, requiring significant amount of energy and sometimes water. It leaves legacy of mining, the legislation demand in a growing number of countries to reduce, treat and compensate at as the operation or as part of "post-mining".
There are over and underground mining method for solid, liquid and gaseous materials. Mining activities are regulated worldwide in respective mining law within national legislation. The degraded natural resources are located in a reservoir, the extent and location is now usually investigated by geophysical exploration.
There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.
In mining industry is basically governed by the Federal Mining Act, similar legislation in other countries. The public authority is transferred regulatory control, ie mining office in Austria Mining Authority. In Switzerland, the mining law jurisdiction is at theThe oldest form of raw materials, which is referred to as mining, goes back to occasional use of flint deposits in Stone Age. Small working teams went for a few days flint mines to win a raw material for the manufacture of equipment.
In Stone Age cultures (North America, New Guinea), this operation held in part to present day. The exploitation of Mediterranean obsidian deposits is considered to be the work of opportunity miners. A permanent or seasonal mining operation requires an agricultural surpluses and trade, as the miners need to be fed, without being able to produce their own food and even produce more products than the community can use. The conditions were usually given only in Chalcolithic period (Naqada / copper mines of Timna in Egypt). Iran's copper mines are already stone age and over 6500 years old. The heyday of Cypriot mines begins 4000 years ago.
Environmental and economic upheavals by means of mines are occupied early. From Middle Ages to modern times it has a lot of customers from so-called "silver rush". Halden and smelting in vicinity of mines resulted in Middle Ages to emergence of a Galmeiflora and heavy metal lawn.
The prehistoric miners teuften up to 15 m from deep shafts in flint-bearing strata, and constructed routes. As tools Hoes antler and stone were used. In Obourg in Belgium abortive prehistoric miner was found with his equipment. The great need of civilizations of Middle East in metals is revealed early on also from European mines, which were probably developed by prospectors. Copper mines in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia were dated by pottery in 4th millennium BC (v. Chr.). In Rudna Glava (Serbia) vertical shafts penetrate 25 meters deep into mountain.
It operates fossil fuels or non-renewable human time scales, requiring significant amount of energy and sometimes water. It leaves legacy of mining, the legislation demand in a growing number of countries to reduce, treat and compensate at as the operation or as part of "post-mining".
There are over and underground mining method for solid, liquid and gaseous materials. Mining activities are regulated worldwide in respective mining law within national legislation. The degraded natural resources are located in a reservoir, the extent and location is now usually investigated by geophysical exploration.
There are two basic legal concepts and conflict resolution mechanisms in terms of local ownership of natural resources: the principle of mountain shelf and / or mountain freedom. The raw materials are decoupled from real property. The mineral resources are claimed by either the rulers (Bergregal) or State (State of title) and can be given, or they are considered abandoned, with a title tom but produced only by state ceremony.
In mining industry is basically governed by the Federal Mining Act, similar legislation in other countries. The public authority is transferred regulatory control, ie mining office in Austria Mining Authority. In Switzerland, the mining law jurisdiction is at theThe oldest form of raw materials, which is referred to as mining, goes back to occasional use of flint deposits in Stone Age. Small working teams went for a few days flint mines to win a raw material for the manufacture of equipment.
In Stone Age cultures (North America, New Guinea), this operation held in part to present day. The exploitation of Mediterranean obsidian deposits is considered to be the work of opportunity miners. A permanent or seasonal mining operation requires an agricultural surpluses and trade, as the miners need to be fed, without being able to produce their own food and even produce more products than the community can use. The conditions were usually given only in Chalcolithic period (Naqada / copper mines of Timna in Egypt). Iran's copper mines are already stone age and over 6500 years old. The heyday of Cypriot mines begins 4000 years ago.
Environmental and economic upheavals by means of mines are occupied early. From Middle Ages to modern times it has a lot of customers from so-called "silver rush". Halden and smelting in vicinity of mines resulted in Middle Ages to emergence of a Galmeiflora and heavy metal lawn.
The prehistoric miners teuften up to 15 m from deep shafts in flint-bearing strata, and constructed routes. As tools Hoes antler and stone were used. In Obourg in Belgium abortive prehistoric miner was found with his equipment. The great need of civilizations of Middle East in metals is revealed early on also from European mines, which were probably developed by prospectors. Copper mines in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia were dated by pottery in 4th millennium BC (v. Chr.). In Rudna Glava (Serbia) vertical shafts penetrate 25 meters deep into mountain.
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